1.Mol Ther: Breakthrough!Identify the key genes for successful chemical reprogramming of human stemcells
doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.11.014
Recently,a study published in the International Journal of Molecular Therapy,researchers from the University of London and the University of Heine, Germany,through the study identified a special gene, the gene or can be human amnioticstem cells chemically Reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells like embryonicstem cells, a study that is critical for scientists to develop reprogrammedcells for storage and therapy development.
In thearticle, the researchers found that the gene named OCT4 needs to bere-activated to allow amniotic fluid cells to chemically modify 2-3 weeks tohave similar embryonic stem cell-like activity and function; if the gene hasnot been re-activated, This chemical reprogramming step is not successful, andembryonic stem cell-like reprogramming cells develop into any type of cell inthe body, a feature known as pluripotency.
Oncetreated, pluripotent cells develop into a variety of functional cells, such asliver cells, bone cells, and nerve cells. They can maintain certainpluripotency when they are frozen or thawed. Researchers Pascale Guillot Saidthat the chemical reprogramming of amniotic fluid cells is very effective, allcells will be successfully reprogrammed, we know that gene OCT4 is necessary,and only the use of chemical reactivation of the cells can induce thepluripotency of cells, If we block the expression of OCT4, these chemicalagents will not play a role, therefore, the process of chemical reprogrammingneed to focus on OCT4 gene re-activation.
In this latest study, the researchers tested individualcells and found that the chemical reprogramming process was very effective andthat all cells responded to chemical therapy and that all genes were involvedin the process, and that The OCT4 gene is the only gene that must be activated,otherwise the cell reprogramming will fail.
2.Stem Cell Rep: Scientistshave succeeded in transforming embryonic stem cells into thyroid cells
doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.024
Recently,a study published in the international magazine Stem Cell Reports, researchersfrom the Boston University School of Medicine through the study, the successfuluse of genetically modified embryonic stem cells to regenerate thyroid cells,while researchers also use the first human Stem cell similar steps to bettersimulate thyroid disease to better understand the pathogenesis of thyroiddisease, did not develop new therapies to provide some ideas.
Researchershave engineered embryonic stem cells cultured in the laboratory to manipulate aspecific gene: Nkx2-1, which is important for thyroid development, and thenwhen the researchers briefly turn on / off the Nkx2-1 gene , They guided theembryonic stem cells through multiple steps and found that opening Nkx2-1expression in a very narrow time range resulted in the conversion of most ofthe embryonic stem cells into thyroid cells.
Dr. Laertis Ikonomou pointed out that this new method canhelp us to produce a large number of targeted cell types: thyroid cells, but atthe same time the technology can also be used for other clinical related celltypes of research, such as lung cells, insulin cells and liver cells Etc.Researchers hope that this study will help develop therapeutic or stem-basedengineering techniques to improve the quality of life and health of patientswith thyroid and other diseases.
3.Scientists DevelopRevolutionary Therapy Using Human Stem Cells to Treat Glioblastoma
doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aah6510
Researchersfrom the University of North Carolina have developed a revolutionary therapy totreat glioblastoma, a glioblastoma is one of the researchers published in theinternational journal Science Translational Medicine. A study of how to usestem cells from human skin cells to capture and kill human brain cancer cells,which is one of the most critical and milestone steps in clinical therapiestoday.
Lastyear, researchers Shawn Hingtgen and colleagues used special techniques tosuccessfully transform mouse skin cells into stem cells and successfully killhuman brain cancer cells, increasing patient survival by 160% to 220%(depending on the Tumor type); researchers have not only found that thetechnology can use human cells to study, but also found that the technology canquickly help survival of patients worth less than 18 months to improve theirsurvival rate, can make 30% of patients with survival To more than 2 years.Researchers say speed is crucial, and it usually takes several weeks for us toconvert human skin cells into stem cells, but brain cancer patients often cannot wait weeks or even months to receive new therapies In this study, theresearchers achieved the goal of rapidly producing stem cells and applying themto the patient's body.
In thisstudy, the researchers used the technique of obtaining a Nobel Prize in 2012,that is, the technique of making neural stem cells using skin cells. First, thefibroblasts were harvested from the patient's body, and then the cells werereprogrammed to make Induced neural stem cells, these stem cells have a naturalability to enter the brain cells of the brain. But stem cells are only able todetect and contact with the tumor, but does not kill cancer cells, so theresearchers had to carry out engineering operations on the stem cells to carrytargeted agents to carry out the precise attack on the tumor.
Researchers Shawn Hingtgen said that the stem cells wedeveloped were capable of carrying a specific protein that could activate thedrug precursors and thus be able to carry out the precise administration of thepatient, and that these stem cells were also able to carry "halo" Itdoes not circulate in the patient's body, which can effectively reduce the sideeffects of drugs. Finally, the researchers point out that we may be 1-2 yearsaway from clinical trials, but for the first time in this article we havesuccessfully studied the use of human stem cells on glioblastoma, which willlead to clinical trials A huge push effect.
4.St Cell Cell: A keyprotein or an important cell that regulates the manufacture of bone structures
doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.004
In arecent study published in the international journal Stem Cell Reports,scientists from the University of Wisconsin have identified two specificproteins in the bone marrow that may be able to regulate as important cells forthe manufacture of bone And its ability to modulate the activity of mesenchymalstem cells, to provide new ideas for later research or to develop new implantsfor later scientists to replace patients with damaged bone tissue.
ResearchersProfessor Wan-Ju Li said that the two proteins are very interesting moleculesthat play a key role in regulating the fate of mesenchymal stem cells. Theresearchers used the high-throughput protein array to "rinse" the donatedhuman bone marrow tissue to identify the proteins that the researchers wereinterested in, and then determine the activity of the mesenchymal stem cellsexposed to the identified proteins; the researchers The aim is to betterunderstand the myeloid habitat where the mesenchymal stem cells are located sothat later researchers can improve the environment of cell growth in thelaboratory and promote the development of disease therapies.
Researchershave found that exposure of mesenchymal stem cells to culture media containinglipid carrier protein-2 and prolactin can reduce and slow cell senescence; Lisays that in vitro we are able to control cell activity, but when implanted Tothe patient's body should be slowed down after its growth and the rate of bonetissue. The ability to precisely control the ability of mesenchymal stem cellsin the laboratory and to maintain their division and the formation of bonetissue provides a new clue for post-researchers to reconstruct missing bonetissue using a three-dimensional matrix containing stem cells.
Researchers have now successfully implanted craniofacialdefects in the body of mice, and the researchers have also found that newbornbone tissue has the ability to repair the bone tissue, which has beensuccessfully implanted in human cells with lipid-carrying protein-2 andprolactin-treated human cells. Mice in the future they will also be throughmore in-depth study to improve the laboratory culture environment, theresearchers hope to simulate the future of mesenchymal stem cells containingbone marrow habitat to carry out research.
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